By Claudie Hooper, PhD
Microglia are the main innate immune effector cells of the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for immune surveillance of the micro-environment under normal physiological conditions. Microglia are derived embryonically from the yolk sac, unlike other glial cells which are derived from the neuroectoderm. Microglia account for approximately 5-20 % of the total population of glial cells. So called amoeboid microglia play a role during the post-natal period in tissue histogenesis and neurogenesis through synaptic remodelling, pruning, vessel patterning and the promotion of angiogenesis. In the adult CNS, microglia are present in a quiescent ramified form possessing long crenulated processes and small cell bodies. Microglia exhibit pinocytotic activity and localised motility particularly of their long processes. These microglial processes directly contact neuronal cell bodies, astrocytes and blood vessels and help to maintain tissue homeostasis through the secretion of neurotrophins, the promotion of myelin repair and by silencing local inflammation. Microglial cells are also thought to modulate action potentials and hence influence neurotransmission. In response to injury, pathogen invasion or disease, quiescent ramified microglia proliferate, retract their processes and transform into an activated motile state capable of phagocytosis. Activated microglia express MHC class II antigens and other surface molecules necessary for antigen presentation including CD40, B7 and ICAM-1. Activated microglia also secrete a number of inflammatory mediators such as super oxide, nitric oxide and cytokines, which serve to orchestrate the cerebral immune response. Following an activation event microglia return to a quiescent ramified state resuming their homeostatic role of immunosurveillance. However, in the case of sustained activation by factors such as -amyloid (A) which is characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease, microglia persist in the activated form and contribute to neurodegeneration exacerbating and driving disease. Microglial cells can be identified immunologically using a number of cell markers including ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1), cluster of differentiation receptors (CD68, CD11b, CD14, CD45, CD80 and CD115), the fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1, F4/80 and vimentin. However, many of these markers can be detected on infiltrating macrophages and vimentin is expressed by astrocytes. The most specific microglial markers are the transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119) and the purinergic receptor, P2Y12R. Many of the aforementioned microglial markers are expressed by both ramified and activated microglia. The two microglial phenotypes can be distinguished nonetheless by comparing the expression levels of detectable marker proteins, which generally become more strongly expressed when microglia are in the activated form. Of note, differences in microglial marker expression levels have been documented in a brain region specific pattern, however the functional significance of this heterogeneity at present remains unknown.
TBLAH BLAJSKL DSODSJLKDDFSKSD
| Recommended Antibodies | Validated Applications | Tested Reactivity |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-Iba1 Antibody (A104332) | WB, ICC/IF, IHC | Human, Rat, Mouse |
| Anti-Iba1 Antibody (A82670) | ELISA, WB, IHC | Human, Mouse, Rat |
Iba1
The HA epitope tag originates from amino acids 98-106 of human influenza HA, which is a protein involved in viral infectivity.
| Recommended Antibodies | Validated Applications | Tested Reactivity |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-Iba1 Antibody (A104332) | WB, ICC/IF, IHC | Human, Rat, Mouse |
| Anti-Iba1 Antibody (A82670) | ELISA, WB, IHC | Human, Mouse, Rat |
Figure 1: High magnification stacked confocal image of rat cerebellar molecular layer at top and granular layer below, stained with Anti-Iba1 Antibody (A104332), at 1:1,000, in green. Red shows the processes of Purkinje cells and the perikarya of granule cells revealed with Anti-MAP2 Antibody (A85363), at 1:5,000. Nuclear DNA is shown with DAPI stain in blue.
Figure 2: Anti-Iba1 Antibody (A82670) (1µg/ml) staining of Human Frontal Cortex (A), Rat Brain (B), Mouse (C) Brain and Pig Brain (D) lysates (35µg protein in RIPA buffer). Detected by chemiluminescence.
The product of this gene belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors. This family has several receptor subtypes with different pharmacological selectivity, which overlaps in some cases, for various adenosine and uridine nucleotides. This receptor is involved in platelet aggregation, and is a potential target for the treatment of thromboembolisms and other clotting disorders. Mutations in this gene are implicated in bleeding disorder, platelet type 8 (BDPLT8). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. Target information from NCBI Gene ID: 64805.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-P2Y12 Antibody (A54581) | Chimpanzee, Human, Monkey, Rat | CM, ELISA, ICC, IF, IHC, IP, WB |
| Anti-P2RY12 Antibody (A47692) | Human | E, WB, IHC |
| Anti-P2Y12 Antibody (FITC) (A53675) | Chimpanzee, Human, Monkey, Rat | CM, ELISA, ICC, IF, IHC, IP, WB |
| Anti-P2Y12 Antibody (Biotin) (A52784) | Chimpanzee, Human, Monkey, Rat | CM, ELISA, ICC, IF, IHC, IP, WB |
This gene encodes the integrin alpha M chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This I-domain containing alpha integrin combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form a leukocyte-specific integrin referred to as macrophage receptor 1 ('Mac-1'), or inactivated-C3b (iC3b) receptor 3 ('CR3'). The alpha M beta 2 integrin is important in the adherence of neutrophils and monocytes to stimulated endothelium, and also in the phagocytosis of complement coated particles. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Target information from NCBI Gene ID: 3684.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CD11b Antibody [M1/70] (A85797) | Human, Non-Human Primates, Mouse, Rabbit | FC, IP, IHC-Fr, FUNC |
| Anti-CD11b Antibody [M1/70] (PE) (A86819) | Human, Non-Human Primates, Mouse, Rabbit | FC, IP, IHC-Fr, FUNC |
| Anti-CD11B Antibody (A83530) | Human | ELISA, IF |
| Anti-CD11b Antibody [ICRF44] (A86479) | Human, Non-Human Primates | FC, IP, IHC-Fr, ICC, FUNC |
| Anti-CD11b Antibody (A99157) | Human, Mouse | WB, ELISA |
This gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. The encoded protein is a receptor on antigen-presenting cells of the immune system and is essential for mediating a broad variety of immune and inflammatory responses including T cell-dependent immunoglobulin class switching, memory B cell development, and germinal center formation. AT-hook transcription factor AKNA is reported to coordinately regulate the expression of this receptor and its ligand, which may be important for homotypic cell interactions. Adaptor protein TNFR2 interacts with this receptor and serves as a mediator of the signal transduction. The interaction of this receptor and its ligand is found to be necessary for amyloid-beta-induced microglial activation, and thus is thought to be an early event in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Mutations affecting this gene are the cause of autosomal recessive hyper-IgM immunodeficiency type 3 (HIGM3). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. Target information from NCBI Gene ID: 958.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CD40 Antibody [5C3] (A421) | Human | WB, ICC, FC, IHC |
| Anti-CD40 Antibody (Biotin) [5C3] (A238) | Human | WB, FC, IHC |
| Anti-CD40 Antibody [C40/2383] (A250700) | Human | ELISA, FC, IHC-P |
| Anti-CD40 Antibody (FITC) [5C3] (A247) | Human | IF, FC, IHC |
| Anti-CD40 Antibody (A98245) | Human, Mouse | WB, IHC, ELISA |
| Recombinant Anti-CD40 Antibody [C40/4826R] (A250701) | Human | ELISA, IHC-P |
Protein tyrosine-protein phosphatase required for T-cell activation through the antigen receptor. Acts as a positive regulator of T-cell coactivation upon binding to DPP4. The first PTPase domain has enzymatic activity, while the second one seems to affect the substrate specificity of the first one. Upon T-cell activation, recruits and dephosphorylates SKAP1 and FYN. Dephosphorylates LYN, and thereby modulates LYN activity (By similarity). Target information from UniProt accession P08575.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CD45 Antibody [MEM-28] (A85889) | Human | FC, IP, WB, IHC-P, ICC |
| Anti-CD45 Antibody [E19-G] (A8195) | Human | IHC-P, IHC-Fr |
| Anti-CD45 Antibody (A121618) | Human, Rat, Mouse, Canine, Monkey | WB |
Could play a role in phagocytic activities of tissue macrophages, both in intracellular lysosomal metabolism and extracellular cell-cell and cell-pathogen interactions. Binds to tissue- and organ-specific lectins or selectins, allowing homing of macrophage subsets to particular sites. Rapid recirculation of CD68 from endosomes and lysosomes to the plasma membrane may allow macrophages to crawl over selectin-bearing substrates or other cells. Target information from UniProt accession P34810.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CD68 Antibody [ABT-CD68] (A100024) | Human | IHC |
| Recombinant Anti-CD68 Antibody [rLAMP4/824] (A250756) | Human | FC, IF, WB, IHC-P |
| Anti-CD68 Antibody [C68/684] (A250759) | Human, Monkey, Mouse, Rat | WB, IF, FC, IHC-P |
| Anti-CD68 Antibody [C68/2709] (A250766) | Human | IHC-P |
| Anti-CD68 Antibody [Y1/82A] (A86313) | Human | FC, IHC-Fr |
| Anti-CD68 Antibody (A99459) | Human, Mouse | WB, ELISA |
Actin-binding protein that enhances membrane ruffling and RAC activation. Enhances the actin-bundling activity of LCP1. Binds calcium. Plays a role in RAC signaling and in phagocytosis. May play a role in macrophage activation and function. Promotes the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and of T-lymphocytes. Enhances lymphocyte migration. Plays a role in vascular inflammation. Target information from UniProt accession P55008.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-AIF1 Antibody (A82670) | Human, Rat | ELISA, WB |
| Anti-IBA1 Antibody (A104332) | Human, Rat, Mouse | WB, ICC/IF, IHC |
| Anti-Iba1 Antibody [AIF1/1909] (A248417) | Human | IHC-P |
| Recombinant Anti-Iba1 Antibody [rAIF1/1909] (A248418) | Human | IHC-P |
| Anti-AIF1 Antibody (A29772) | Human, Mouse, Rat | WB, IHC |
| Anti-AIF1 Antibody (Biotin) (A82671) | Human, Rat | ELISA, WB |
Fractalkine is a transmembrane protein and chemokine involved in the adhesion and migration of leukocytes. The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for fractalkine. The encoded protein also is a coreceptor for HIV-1, and some variations in this gene lead to increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and rapid progression to AIDS. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. Target information from NCBI Gene ID: 1524.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A47565) | Human | E, WB, IHC |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A47347) | Human, Mouse, Rat | E, WB, IHC, FC |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A42488) | Human, Mouse, Rat | WB |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A28806) | Human, Mouse, Rat | WB |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A82937) | Human | ELISA, WB |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A42426) | Human | WB |
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