Adrenalin (also known as epinephrine) is a hormone that plays a vital role in the body's response to stress and is produced by the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys in man. Adrenalin is involved in various physiological processes and helps prepare the body for "fight or flight" responses in stressful or dangerous situations. The primary function of adrenalin is to prepare the body for immediate action during such times of stress or perceived threat. When faced with a potentially harmful situation, adrenalin is released into the bloodstream, thereby activating a cascade of physiological changes in the body. In molecular terms, the mechanism of action of adrenalin involves binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors, known as adrenergic receptors, located on various target tissues and organs. Two main types of adrenergic receptors bind adrenalin: alpha-adrenergic receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors, with alpha1 receptors coupled to phospholipase C (PLC) and producing IP3 as a second messenger and alpha2 and beta receptors coupled to adenyl cyclase and producing cAMP. Adrenalin signalling causes constriction of blood vessels, particularly those in the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. This constriction redirects blood flow to essential organs involved in a stress response, such as the heart, lungs, and brain, ensuring an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to these areas. Adrenalin binding to beta-adrenergic receptors leads to additional effects. In the heart, it increases the heart rate and force of contraction, resulting in increased cardiac output. This enhances blood flow to the muscles, brain, and other organs, preparing them for increased physical activity. Adrenalin also promotes the breakdown of glycogen, a stored form of glucose, into glucose in the liver and muscles. This process, known as glycogenolysis, provides a rapid source of energy for the body. At the same time, adrenalin inhibits insulin release from the pancreas, helping to maintain adequate blood glucose levels during times of stress. Furthermore, adrenalin causes dilation of the airways in the lungs, facilitating increased oxygen intake. It also enhances the conversion of glycogen to lactic acid in skeletal muscles, enabling increased muscle strength and endurance. In addition to roles in the stress response, adrenalin is involved in regulating blood pressure. By constricting blood vessels, it helps raise blood pressure, ensuring sufficient blood flow to vital organs. It also stimulates the release of renin, an enzyme involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which also plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation. Beyond its physiological effects, adrenalin also has psychological effects. It can increase alertness, improve focus, and enhance cognitive functions, preparing the individual for optimal performance in stressful situations. A related molecule norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. Whilst adrenalin is essential for survival and adaptation to acute stress, excessive or chronic activation of the stress response can have negative consequences on overall health. Prolonged exposure to high levels of adrenalin can lead to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and metabolic imbalances. It can also contribute to the development of conditions such as cardiovascular disease. Explore our full adrenaline product range below and discover more, for less.