Immune interventions, including transplantation, vaccination and various modalities of immunosuppression, address diseases and conditions by manipulating the immune system. They are critical in treating conditions where the body's immune response needs to be regulated. One of the most critical immune interventions is organ transplantation, which involves replacing a damaged or non-functional organ with a healthy one from a donor. Organ transplantation is used to treat organ failure, such as kidney, heart, liver, lung, and pancreas failure. Transplantation success relies on overcoming the challenge of rejection when the immune system recognizes the transplanted organ as foreign and mounts immune responses to reject it. To prevent rejection, patients usually receive immunosuppressive drugs that dampen the immune response and reduce the risk of organ rejection. Immunosuppression refers to the deliberate suppression of the immune response, either partially or completely, and is particularly important not only in organ transplantation but also in autoimmune diseases and certain immune-related disorders. Immunosuppression operates by targeting various components of the immune system's signalling, activation, and effector pathways. For example, immunosuppressive drugs often target signalling pathways critical for T cell activation. Calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., cyclosporine, tacrolimus) block the activity of calcineurin, necessary for the activation of the transcription factor NFAT necessary to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) and other cytokines that promote T cell proliferation. Stem cell (bone marrow) transplantation involves replacing damaged or cancerous bone marrow with healthy hematopoietic stem cells and is used to treat conditions like leukaemia, lymphoma, and some genetic disorders. Transplanted stem cells differentiate into healthy blood cell lineages which then rebuild the immune system. Ensuring compatibility between the donor's stem cells and the recipient's immune system is crucial to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), where the transplanted cells attack the recipient's tissues. Vaccination is another critically important immune intervention involving the introduction of otherwise harmless protein or protein-encoding DNA/mRNA fragments of pathogens into the body to stimulate an immune response. This primes immunological memory allowing the immune system to recognize and respond more rapidly to the pathogen if encountered in the future. Vaccines have played a critical role in controlling and preventing infectious diseases. Gene therapy is an emerging approach that aims to correct genetic disorders by modifying or replacing defective genes. As an immune intervention, gene therapy can be used to modify immune cells, such as T cells, to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target specific cancer cell proteins. CAR T cell therapy, for example, has shown success in treating certain types of blood cancers by reprogramming the patient's T cells to target and destroy leukemic cells. Finally, immune checkpoint inhibitors are a class of immunotherapy drugs that promote the immune system's ability to attack cancer cells. They target molecules that regulate immune responses, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, which normally suppress immune responses. By blocking these checkpoints, these drugs allow the immune system to recognize and attack tumour cells more effectively. We provide a comprehensive product range of research tools for investigating immune interventions, including Iba1 antibodies, CD276 antibodies, DKK1 antibodies, DKK1 ELISA Kits, and Cyclophilin B ELISA Kits. Explore our full immune interventions product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Transplantation product range.