Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) are involved in the post-translational regulation of proteins via their covalent attachment to target proteins. These modifications, often reversible, enable cells to respond to various signals, adapt to changing conditions, and maintain protein homeostasis. One of the best-known roles of ubiquitin is in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) which marks specific proteins for degradation by the proteasome, a multiprotein complex responsible for protein turnover. Proteins targeted for degradation are tagged with a polyubiquitin chain, usually linked through lysine 48 (K48) residues in ubiquitin molecules, which signals the proteasome to recognize and degrade the tagged protein. Ubiquitin also functions in protein quality control via targeting of misfolded or damaged proteins for degradation. This process, known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD), helps prevent the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates. Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key cell cycle regulators, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), controls the progression of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Cyclins, which regulate the activity of CDKs, are marked for ubiquitin-mediated degradation once their role is no longer needed, with degradation ensuring orderly progression through cell cycle phases. Ubiquitylation is also critically involved in the regulation of immune responses. It targets immune-related proteins for degradation, helping to modulate immune signalling pathways and prevent excessive inflammation. For example, ubiquitylation plays a role in the regulation of TLR signalling pathways, which are essential for detecting pathogens and initiating innate immune responses. Ubiquitin ligases, such as TRAF6, are involved in activation of downstream signalling molecules that lead to the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The tumour suppressor protein p53 is a critical regulator of DNA repair and apoptosis and is ubiquitylated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, targeting it for degradation. In response to DNA damage p53 ubiquitylation is inhibited, allowing p53 to accumulate and initiate cell cycle arrest or apoptosis to prevent further damage. Other Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers (UBLs) include: 1) SUMOylation (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier). SUMOylation involves the covalent attachment of SUMO proteins to target proteins, usually at lysine residues. SUMOylation can modulate the activity of transcription factors, co-regulators, and chromatin modifiers, influencing gene expression, and is involved in DNA damage response pathways; 2) NEDDylation (Neural Precursor Cell Expressed Developmentally Downregulated 8). NEDDylation involves the attachment of NEDD8 molecules to target proteins. NEDDylation regulates protein stability, activating Cullin-RING E3 ligases, and thereby promoting the ubiquitylation and degradation of specific target proteins. NEDDylation also influences the cell cycle and can stabilize cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are key regulators of cell cycle transitions, protecting them from proteasomal degradation, ensuring their availability when needed for cell cycle progression; 3) ISGylation (Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15): ISGylation involves the attachment of ISG15 to target proteins and is typically induced by interferon signalling during viral infections. ISGylation can disrupt viral replication by altering the function or stability of viral proteins; 4) FATylation (Fatty Acid Transferase): FATylation is the addition of fatty acid moieties to specific cysteine residues in target proteins. This modification influences protein localization and function, especially within the Golgi apparatus. We offer a comprehensive product range of research reagents for studying ubiquitin and ubiquitin like modifiers, including MDM2 antibodies, TNFAIP3 antibodies, BAP1 antibodies, PIAS2 antibodies, and Cdc34 antibodies. Explore our full ubiquitin and ubiquitin like modifiers product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Deubiquitination, E2 Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzymes, and Ubiquitin like Modifiers product ranges.