RNA transcription in eukaryotes relates the information encoded in DNA to proteins via the intermediary synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, the templates for protein synthesis and other RNA molecules involved in ribosome biogenesis and other processes. DNA contains the genetic information encoding proteins that needs to be transcribed into mRNA. The region of DNA transcribed is typically preceded by a promoter, a DNA sequence with sequences that are recognized by transcription factors and RNA polymerases. RNA polymerase is the key enzyme responsible for catalysing the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. In eukaryotes, there are three main types of RNA polymerases: RNA polymerase I which transcribes large ribosomal RNAs, RNA polymerase II, and RNA polymerase III which transcribes a variety of small RNAs, including tRNAs involved in protein translation. RNA polymerase II is primarily responsible for transcribing protein-coding genes and some non-coding RNAs and consists of 12 subunits with various functions, including catalysing RNA synthesis, stabilizing the enzyme's structure, and interacting with transcription factors. Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences within the promoter regions of genes. They play various roles in regulating gene transcription by facilitating or inhibiting the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter. Transcription factors include both activators, which enhance transcription, and repressors, which suppress it. Transcription initiation of protein-coding genes begins with RNA polymerase II, along with other transcription factors, assembling at the promoter in a multi-subunit complex called the preinitiation complex (PIC). Following PIC assembly, RNA polymerase II unwinds the DNA at the transcription start site and synthesizes the first few nucleotides of the RNA. During the elongation phase, RNA polymerase synthesizes the full-length mRNA transcript adding complementary ribonucleotides to the growing RNA chain and moving along the template DNA strand, unwinding it ahead of the transcription site and rewinding behind it. Transcription termination marks the end of the transcription process. In eukaryotes, there are two main types of termination: polyadenylation and termination by RNA polymerase II pausing and cleavage. In polyadenylation, a specific sequence in the mRNA precursor triggers the addition of a polyadenine (poly A) tail, whilst in the latter, RNA polymerase II pauses, and the transcript is cleaved, leading to the release of the mRNA. Following transcription, the initial transcript (pre-mRNA) undergoes modifications to convert to a mature mRNA. These include the addition of a 5' cap, splicing to remove non-coding intervening sequences (introns), and the addition of a poly-A tail. These modifications enhance mRNA stability, facilitate nuclear export, and promote translation. The mature mRNA is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores and in the cytoplasm the mRNA is available for translation by ribosomes. Gene transcription in eukaryotes is highly regulated at multiple levels. Transcription factors, coactivators, and corepressors can modulate the rate of transcription initiation, ensuring that genes are expressed at appropriate levels in response to cellular signals and environmental cues. Additionally, epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, can influence the accessibility of DNA to the transcriptional apparatus. We provide a large product range of research reagents for studying RNA transcription, including p53 antibodies, Estrogen Receptor alpha antibodies, c-Myc antibodies, p53 ELISA Kits, and c-Jun ELISA Kits. Explore our full RNA transcription product range below and discover more, for less.