Chromatin modifying enzymes are a diverse group of proteins with roles in regulating gene expression by modifying the structure and chemical marks on chromatin. These enzymes can add, remove, or interpret epigenetic marks, thereby influencing chromatin accessibility and gene activity. The main classes of chromatin modifying enzymes include: 1) Histone Acetyltransferases (HATs). HATs add acetyl groups (-COCH3) to lysine residues in the N-terminal tails of histone proteins. Acetylation neutralizes the positive charge of histones, thereby weakening their interaction with DNA. This opens chromatin structure, making it more accessible for transcription factors and RNA polymerase, thereby promoting gene transcription. They include such members as CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300; 2) Histone Deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs remove acetyl groups from histone lysines, with deacetylation restoring the positive charge on histones, leading to chromatin compaction and transcriptional repression. HDACs are essential for maintaining chromatin structure and silencing repetitive DNA sequences and include such proteins as HDAC1 and HDAC2; 3) Histone Methyltransferases (HMTs). HMTs transfer methyl groups (-CH3) to histone lysine or arginine residues. Methylation can either activate or repress gene transcription, depending on the specific histone residue and the number of methyl groups added. For example, histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) is associated with active gene promoters, whilst H3K9me3 is linked to gene silencing. Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) is one such HMT responsible for adding methyl groups to H3K27; 4) Histone Demethylases (HDMs). HDMs remove methyl groups from histone lysine or arginine residues, with demethylation either activating or repressing gene expression, like methylation. HDMs counteract the actions of HMTs, providing regulation of chromatin marks. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is one such HDM; 5) DNA Methyltransferases (DNMTs). DNMTs add a methyl group (-CH3) to the cytosine base in DNA, typically in CpG dinucleotides, with methylation primarily leading to gene silencing. Methylated DNA can recruit repressive chromatin remodelling complexes, thereby inhibiting transcription factor binding and RNA polymerase activity.For example, DNMT1 is a maintenance methyltransferase reading and copying hemi methylated DNA, whilst DNMT3A and DNMT3B are de novo methyltransferases able to methylate unmethylated DNA; 6) Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) Enzymes. TET enzymes oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in DNA to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and other derivatives. TET-mediated oxidation of 5mC can lead to DNA demethylation, potentially reactivating silenced genes. It also serves as an intermediate in active DNA demethylation pathways. TET1, TET2, and TET3 are the three main TET enzymes; 7) RNA polymerases (e.g., RNA Pol II) and associated transcription factors that bind to specific DNA sequences and promote gene transcription. These enzymes and factors play a fundamental role in initiating and regulating gene expression by facilitating the synthesis of RNA molecules complementary to the DNA template strand. Finally, non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), can interact with chromatin and guide chromatin modifying complexes to specific loci, influencing gene expression. MiRNAs, for example, can target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for degradation or translational repression, indirectly affecting gene expression, whilst LncRNAs can interact with chromatin remodellers to promote or inhibit gene transcription. We offer a large product catalogue of research tools for investigating chromatin modifying enzymes, including BRCA1 antibodies, Ubiquitin antibodies, HDAC3 antibodies, Ubiquitin ELISA Kits, and Keap1 ELISA Kits. Explore our full chromatin modifying enzymes product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Acetylation, Ubiquitylation, and Methylation product ranges.