In normal cells, the cell cycle is tightly regulated to ensure proper growth and maintenance of tissues with cell cycle regulation disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell division, in cancer. In the first phase of the cell cycle, the G1 phase (Gap 1 phase) the cell grows via a co-ordinated increase in biosynthesis and carries out its normal maintenance functions. The G1 phase also involves monitoring of any DNA damage and initiation of repair mechanisms. In S Phase (Synthesis phase) DNA replication occurs, resulting in the synthesis of identical copies of the cell's genetic material. G2 Phase (Gap 2): During this phase, the cell continues to grow and prepare for cell division. Additional proteins and organelles are synthesized, and the cell undergoes further checks to ensure that DNA replication has been successful and that it is ready for division. The M phase of the cell cycle consists of several subphases and is the stage where cell division occurs. It includes the following steps: 1) prophase, where chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes, the nuclear membrane disassembles, and the mitotic spindle forms; 2) metaphase, where the chromosomes align at the equatorial plane of the cell, facilitated by the microtubule spindle fibres. There are two types of spindle fibres, kinetochore microtubules that extend from the centrosomes and attach to the kinetochores, protein structures located at the centromere region of each replicated chromosome that exert forces on the chromosomes and polar microtubules that extend across the cell from one pole to the other without attaching to the chromosomes and help maintain the overall structure and stability of the spindle apparatus; 3) anaphase, where sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell; 4) telophase, where new nuclei form around the separated chromosomes, and the chromosomes start to decondense; 5) cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides, and two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes. After completing cytokinesis, the two new daughter cells re-enter the G1 phase, beginning the cell cycle anew. This process ensures the proper growth and division of cells and plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue integrity and normal body functions. We provide a large product range of research tools for studying cell division, including FOXP3 antibodies, SIRT3 antibodies, Pin1 antibodies, PLK1 antibodies, and GDF15 ELISA Kits. Explore our full cell division product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Spindle, Cytokinesis, and Chromatid Cohesion product ranges.