The cell cycle - the process by which cells grow, replicate their DNA, and divide into two daughter cells - consists of several distinct phases, each with specific functions and checkpoint controls that act to ensure the accurate replication and distribution of genetic material. It consists of distinct phases, including interphase which includes the G1, S, and G2 phases and mitosis, which includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The cell cycle begins with the G1 (or Gap) phase. The length of the G1 phase in the cell cycle can vary widely depending on the cell type, the organism, and various external factors. G1 phase length ranges from only a few minutes to several days or longer, depending on the specific cell and its conditions. For rapidly dividing cells, such as activated lymphocytes, embryonic (or other stem) cells or cancer cells, the G1 phase is typically short, whilst some cells in specialized tissues, like neurons, may have a highly extended G1 phase, or even enter a non-dividing state termed G0, where they remain for long periods or indefinitely. At a control point in the G1 phase, termed the G1 checkpoint, the cell evaluates its readiness for accurate DNA synthesis by assessing and repairing DNA damage. If the G1 checkpoint is passed, the cell proceeds to replicating its DNA in S phase. During S phase, DNA replication of the entire genome occurs, ensuring that each daughter cell ultimately receives a complete accurate copy of the genome. Errors in DNA replication during S-phase can result in genetic mutations, which may contribute to cancer development and progression. The DNA replication checkpoint occurs early in S phase and ensures that DNA replication is proceeding correctly. It checks for the integrity of DNA templates, the presence of DNA damage or lesions, and the completion of DNA replication. Following DNA synthesis, the G2 phase allows the cell to continue accumulating biomass and prepare for cell division. It also includes a checkpoint to ensure that DNA replication has been completed accurately and that the cell is ready for mitosis. If the cell passes this checkpoint, it proceeds to M phase (mitosis). Defects in the G2 checkpoint can also lead to the propagation of damaged DNA and the accumulation of genetic abnormalities, increasing the risk of cancer. The most readily visible stage of the cell cycle by microscopy is mitosis when visible chromosomes align along the metaphase plate - which consists of several stages, including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase the chromatin condenses and coils, forming visible chromosomes, the nuclear membrane disintegrates, the centrosomes, which contain the centrioles, move to opposite poles of the cell and spindle fibres form. In metaphase chromosomes align along the metaphase plate and each chromosome becomes attached to spindle fibres originating from the centrosomes. In anaphase the paired chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate and are pulled apart toward the opposite poles of the cell. Finally, in telophase the separated chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, the spindle fibres disassemble, and a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to decondense, returning to their extended chromatin form. Following separation of the genetic material, cytokinesis - the physical separation of the cytoplasm into two new daughter cells - occurs. In animal cells, a contractile ring of proteins forms around the equator of the cell, pinching it inward and forming a cleavage furrow. This furrow eventually deepens, leading to the complete separation of the daughter cells. Mitotic checkpoints ensure that each step is completed correctly before the cell progresses to the next stage. Abnormalities in mitotic checkpoints or errors during chromosome segregation can result in aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes) in daughter cells. Aneuploidy is a common characteristic of cancer cells and can contribute to tumour progression. We offer a large product catalogue of research reagents for studying the cell cycle, including p53 antibodies, Cyclin D1 antibodies, p27 KIP 1 antibodies, BMP7 ELISA Kits, and Activin A ELISA Kits. Explore our full cell cycle product range below and discover more, for less. Alternatively, you can explore our Cell Cycle Inhibitors, Cell Division, and Cell Differentiation product ranges.