Human Apo-D ELISA Kit is a sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (sELISA) designed for the in vitro quantitative determination of human Apo-D in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, and other biological fluids.

Tipo di kit

Sandwich (quantitative)

Principio di kit

Human Apo-D ELISA Kit (A78996) employs the sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique for the quantitative measurement of human Apo-D in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, and other biological fluids. An antibody specific for Apo-D has been pre-coated onto a 96-well microtiter plate. The standards and test samples are added into the wells and the Apo-D present in each sample is bound to the wells by the immobilized antibody. Following incubation, the wells are washed and then incubated with Biotinylated Anti-Apo-D Antibody, which binds the captured Apo-D present in each well. Following incubation, unbound biotinylated detection antibody is removed by washing, and an HRP-Streptavidin conjugate is added to the wells and the microtiter plate is incubated. Following incubation and washing, TMB substrate solution is then used to visualize the HRP enzymatic reaction by catalysis to produce a blue-coloured product that changes to yellow after addition of acidic stop solution. The density of yellow is proportional to the amount of Apo-D captured in each well. The concentration of Apo-D can then be calculated by reading the O.D. absorbance at 450nm in a microplate reader and referring to the standard curve.

Piattaforma

Pre-coated Microplate (12 x 8 well strips)

Tipo di rilevamento

Colorimetric

Instrument

Colorimetric Microplate Reader

Tipo di campione

Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, and other biological fluids.

Sensibilità

0.375 ng/ml

Campo di rilevamento

0.625-40 ng/ml

Tempo del kit

4 hours

Reattività

Human

Recovery

Sample Type	n	Range	Average
Serum	5	89% - 104%	96%
EDTA Plasma	5	88% - 100%	94%
Heparin Plasma	5	85% - 105%	95%

Linearity

Sample Type	n	1:2	1:4	1:8
Serum	5	87-100%	86-100%	85-104%
EDTA Plasma	5	90-98%	82-98%	82-95%
Heparin Plasma	5	82-98%	82-90%	81-98%

Precision

Intra-assay CV: < 8%, Inter-assay CV: < 10%

Note generali

Information online is representative. Always refer to the Product Manual inside the kit.

Conservazione

Store at +4°C. Do not use past expiration date!

Sinonimi

APO D, ApoD, APOD protein, APOD_HUMAN, Apolipoprotein D, ApolipoproteinD

Dichiarazione di non responsabilità

Questo prodotto è solo per uso di ricerca. Non è inteso per uso diagnostico o terapeutico.

Kit Components

Item	Quantity	Storage
Pre-Coated 96 Well Microplate	12 x 8 Well Strips	+4°C
Lyopholized Standard	2 Vials	+4°C
Sample Dilution Buffer	20ml	+4°C
Biotinylated Detection Antibody	120µl	+4°C
Antibody Dilution Buffer	10ml	+4°C
HRP-Streptavidin Conjugate	120µl	+4°C
SABC Dilution Buffer	10ml	+4°C
TMB Substrate	10ml	+4°C
Stop Solution	10ml	+4°C
Wash Buffer (25X)	30ml	+4°C
Plate Sealers	5 Adhesive Strips	-
Foil Pouch	1 Zip-Sealed Pouch	-

Required Materials

The following materials are not included in the kit, but are required to run this assay:

Microplate reader capable of measuring absorbance at 450nm ± 10nm.
Squirt bottle, multichannel pipette reservoir, or automated microplate washer.
Graph paper or computer software capable of generating logarithmic functions.
Test tubes and Eppendorf tubes to prepare standards and samples.
Multi- and single-channel pipettes and sterile pipette tips.
Deionized or distilled water.
Absorbent paper towels.
37°C incubator.

Important Notes

Sample concentrations should be estimated before being used in the assay and a proper dilution factor should be selected to make the diluted target protein concentration fall in the optimal detection range of this kit.
Sample matrix components will interfere with the test results. All samples must be diluted at least 1:2 with Sample Dilution Buffer.
Hemolysis can greatly impact the validity of test results. Take care to minimize hemolysis.

Bring all reagents and samples to room temperature before use.

We recommend that all standards and samples be assayed in duplicate.

Step 1

Prepare all reagents, samples, and working standards as directed in the previous sections.

Step 2

Determine the number of microplate strips required for the assay and insert them into the plate frame. Unused strips should be stored in the foil pouch at +4°C.

Step 3

Add 100μl of standard solutions to the standard wells. Note: A plate layout is provided to record standards and samples assayed.

Step 4

Add 100μl of samples to the sample wells. Note: All samples must be properly diluted in order to produce sample values within the dynamic range of the assay. All samples must be diluted at least 1:2 with Sample Dilution Buffer.

Step 5

Cover with an adhesive plate sealer provided and incubate at 37°C for 90 minutes.

Step 6

Remove the plate sealer, aspirate the liquid from the plate, and wash the plate two times with Wash Buffer. Soak wells with 350μl of Wash Buffer for 1-2 minutes each time. Note: Complete removal of liquid at each step is essential to good performance. After the last wash, remove any remaining Wash Buffer by aspirating or decanting. Blot the plate onto paper towels or other absorbent material. Do not let the wells dry completely at any time!

Step 7

Add 100μl of Biotinylated Detection Antibody working solution to each well.

Step 8

Cover with a new adhesive plate sealer and incubate at 37°C for 60 minutes.

Step 9

Remove the plate sealer, aspirate the liquid from the plate, and wash the plate three times with Wash Buffer. Soak wells with 350μl of Wash Buffer for 1-2 minutes each time.

Step 10

Add 100μl of HRP-Streptavidin Conjugate (SABC) working solution to each well.

Step 11

Cover with a new adhesive plate sealer and incubate at 37°C for 60 minutes.

Step 12

Remove the plate sealer, aspirate the liquid from the plate, and wash the plate five times with Wash Buffer. Soak wells with 350μl of Wash Buffer for 1-2 minutes each time.

Step 13

Add 90μl of TMB Substrate to each well. Cover with a new adhesive plate sealer and incubate at 37°C in the dark for 10-20 minutes. Note: This incubation time is for reference only, the optimal reaction time should be determined by the end-user and can be shortened or extended according to the actual color change. The reaction may be terminated when a gradient is apparent in the standard wells. Do not exceed 30 minutes!

Step 14

Add 50μl of Stop Solution to each well. The color in the wells should change from blue to yellow immediately. Note: If the color in the wells is green or the color change does not appear uniform, gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing.

Step 15

Determine the optical density (O.D. value) of each well immediately using a microplate reader set to 450 nm.

Immagini (1)

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Figure 1: Standard Curve - Human Apo-D ELISA Kit (A78996)

Representative standard curve for Human Apo-D ELISA Kit (A78996).

Pubblicazioni (1)

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(2)

Plasma Concentrations of High Mobility Group Box 1 Proteins and Soluble Receptors for Advanced Glycation End-Products Are Relevant Biomarkers of Cognitive Impairment in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Pilot Study

Riferimenti: Human Apo-D ELISA Kit (A78996)

Astratto:

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major component in the etiology of cognitive decline and dementia. Underlying mechanisms by which long-term alcohol abuse causes cognitive dysfunction include excessive oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, activated by increased reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). In a pilot study, we examine the potential clinical value of circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress including ROS/RNS, HMGB1, the soluble receptor for AGE (sRAGE), the brain biomarker of aging apolipoprotein D (ApoD), and the antioxidant regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) as predictive indices for cognitive impairment (CI) in abstinent patients with AUD (n = 25) compared to patients with established Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 26) and control subjects (n = 25). Plasma concentrations of sRAGE were evaluated with immunoblotting; ROS/RNS with a fluorometric kit; and HMGB1, ApoD, and NRF2 by ELISA. Abstinent AUD patients had higher sRAGE, ROS/RNS (p < 0.05), and ApoD (p < 0.01) concentrations, similar to those of AD patients, and lower NRF2 (p < 0.01) concentrations, compared to controls. These changes were remarkable in AUD patients with CI. HMGB1, and sRAGE correlated positively with duration of alcohol use (rho = 0.398, p = 0.022; rho = 0.404, p = 0.018), whereas sRAGE correlated negatively with periods of alcohol abstinence (rho = -0.340, p = 0.045). A predictive model including ROS/RNS, HMGB1, sRAGE, alcohol use duration, and alcohol abstinence periods was able to differentiate AUD patients with CI (92.3% of correct predictions, ROC-AUC= 0.90) from those without CI. In conclusion, we propose ROS/RNS, HMGB1, and sRAGE as stress biomarkers capable of predicting cognitive impairment in AUD patients.

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