Microglia are a type of neuroglia and the resident macrophages within the central nervous system; acting as its first and main immune defence. Microglia account for around 10-15% of all cells within the brain and are distinct from other phagocytic cells in the mononuclear phagocyte system such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes.
Once a threat is detected, microglia undergo morphological changes, taking on an amoeboid shape and becoming phagocytic, engulfing foreign material and cellular debris. Whilst in this state, microglia express and secrete inflammatory molecules such as cytokines and chemokines, including, IFN-gamma, IL1-alpha, and TNF-alpha, which allows them to communicate with astrocytes and peripheral immune cells to coordinate an effective response. Microglia also synthesise amyloid precursor protein (APP) in response to injury.
In addition to responding to threats, microglia are key to maintaining the brain, constantly searching for plaques, damaged neurons and synapses, and foreign agents. To achieve this, microglia detect changes within the CNS via their unique potassium channels; responding to even marginal changes in extracellular potassium.
When activated under inflammatory conditions, microglia upregulate markers such as CD45 and MHC class II. When in the steady-state condition, these cells can be identified using several common markers, which they share with macrophages, such as CD11b, CD45, CD68, and CX3CR1. Microglia can be distinguished from other cells within the central and peripheral nervous system through their expression of specific markers such as P2RY12.
The product of this gene belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors. This family has several receptor subtypes with different pharmacological selectivity, which overlaps in some cases, for various adenosine and uridine nucleotides. This receptor is involved in platelet aggregation, and is a potential target for the treatment of thromboembolisms and other clotting disorders. Mutations in this gene are implicated in bleeding disorder, platelet type 8 (BDPLT8). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants of this gene. Target information from NCBI Gene ID: 64805.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-P2Y12 Antibody (A54581) | Chimpanzee, Human, Monkey, Rat | CM, ELISA, ICC, IF, IHC, IP, WB |
| Anti-P2RY12 Antibody (A47692) | Human | E, WB, IHC |
| Anti-P2Y12 Antibody (FITC) (A53675) | Chimpanzee, Human, Monkey, Rat | CM, ELISA, ICC, IF, IHC, IP, WB |
| Anti-P2Y12 Antibody (Biotin) (A52784) | Chimpanzee, Human, Monkey, Rat | CM, ELISA, ICC, IF, IHC, IP, WB |
This gene encodes the integrin alpha M chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This I-domain containing alpha integrin combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form a leukocyte-specific integrin referred to as macrophage receptor 1 ('Mac-1'), or inactivated-C3b (iC3b) receptor 3 ('CR3'). The alpha M beta 2 integrin is important in the adherence of neutrophils and monocytes to stimulated endothelium, and also in the phagocytosis of complement coated particles. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Target information from NCBI Gene ID: 3684.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CD11b Antibody [M1/70] (A85797) | Human, Non-Human Primates, Mouse, Rabbit | FC, IP, IHC-Fr, FUNC |
| Anti-CD11b Antibody [M1/70] (PE) (A86819) | Human, Non-Human Primates, Mouse, Rabbit | FC, IP, IHC-Fr, FUNC |
| Anti-CD11B Antibody (A83530) | Human | ELISA, IF |
| Anti-CD11b Antibody [ICRF44] (A86479) | Human, Non-Human Primates | FC, IP, IHC-Fr, ICC, FUNC |
| Anti-CD11b Antibody (Alexa Fluor® 488) [ICRF44] (A18724) | Human, Non-Human Primates | FC, ICC |
| Anti-CD11b Antibody (A99157) | Human, Mouse | WB, ELISA |
This gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. The encoded protein is a receptor on antigen-presenting cells of the immune system and is essential for mediating a broad variety of immune and inflammatory responses including T cell-dependent immunoglobulin class switching, memory B cell development, and germinal center formation. AT-hook transcription factor AKNA is reported to coordinately regulate the expression of this receptor and its ligand, which may be important for homotypic cell interactions. Adaptor protein TNFR2 interacts with this receptor and serves as a mediator of the signal transduction. The interaction of this receptor and its ligand is found to be necessary for amyloid-beta-induced microglial activation, and thus is thought to be an early event in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Mutations affecting this gene are the cause of autosomal recessive hyper-IgM immunodeficiency type 3 (HIGM3). Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. Target information from NCBI Gene ID: 958.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CD40 Antibody [5C3] (A421) | Human | WB, ICC, FC, IHC |
| Anti-CD40 Antibody (Biotin) [5C3] (A238) | Human | WB, FC, IHC |
| Anti-CD40 Antibody [C40/2383] (A250700) | Human | ELISA, FC, IHC-P |
| Anti-CD40 Antibody (FITC) [5C3] (A247) | Human | IF, FC, IHC |
| Anti-CD40 Antibody (A98245) | Human, Mouse | WB, IHC, ELISA |
| Recombinant Anti-CD40 Antibody [C40/4826R] (A250701) | Human | ELISA, IHC-P |
Protein tyrosine-protein phosphatase required for T-cell activation through the antigen receptor. Acts as a positive regulator of T-cell coactivation upon binding to DPP4. The first PTPase domain has enzymatic activity, while the second one seems to affect the substrate specificity of the first one. Upon T-cell activation, recruits and dephosphorylates SKAP1 and FYN. Dephosphorylates LYN, and thereby modulates LYN activity (By similarity). Target information from UniProt accession P08575.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CD45 Antibody [MEM-28] (A85889) | Human | FC, IP, WB, IHC-P, ICC |
| Anti-CD45 Antibody [E19-G] (A8195) | Human | IHC-P, IHC-Fr |
| Anti-CD45 Antibody (Pacific Blue™) [2D1] (A121750) | Human | FC |
| Anti-CD45 Antibody (Alexa Fluor® 488) [2D1] (A121747) | Human | FC |
| Anti-CD45 Antibody (Pacific Orange™) [HI30] (A18910) | Human, Non-Human Primates | FC |
| Anti-CD45 Antibody (A121618) | Human, Rat, Mouse, Canine, Monkey | WB |
Could play a role in phagocytic activities of tissue macrophages, both in intracellular lysosomal metabolism and extracellular cell-cell and cell-pathogen interactions. Binds to tissue- and organ-specific lectins or selectins, allowing homing of macrophage subsets to particular sites. Rapid recirculation of CD68 from endosomes and lysosomes to the plasma membrane may allow macrophages to crawl over selectin-bearing substrates or other cells. Target information from UniProt accession P34810.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CD68 Antibody [ABT-CD68] (A100024) | Human | IHC |
| Recombinant Anti-CD68 Antibody [rLAMP4/824] (A250756) | Human | FC, IF, WB, IHC-P |
| Anti-CD68 Antibody [C68/684] (A250759) | Human, Monkey, Mouse, Rat | WB, IF, FC, IHC-P |
| Anti-CD68 Antibody [C68/2709] (A250766) | Human | IHC-P |
| Anti-CD68 Antibody [Y1/82A] (A86313) | Human | FC, IHC-Fr |
| Anti-CD68 Antibody (A99459) | Human, Mouse | WB, ELISA |
Actin-binding protein that enhances membrane ruffling and RAC activation. Enhances the actin-bundling activity of LCP1. Binds calcium. Plays a role in RAC signaling and in phagocytosis. May play a role in macrophage activation and function. Promotes the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and of T-lymphocytes. Enhances lymphocyte migration. Plays a role in vascular inflammation. Target information from UniProt accession P55008.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-AIF1 Antibody (A82670) | Human, Rat | ELISA, WB |
| Anti-IBA1 Antibody (A104332) | Human, Rat, Mouse | WB, ICC/IF, IHC |
| Anti-Iba1 Antibody [AIF1/1909] (A248417) | Human | IHC-P |
| Recombinant Anti-Iba1 Antibody [rAIF1/1909] (A248418) | Human | IHC-P |
| Anti-AIF1 Antibody (A29772) | Human, Mouse, Rat | WB, IHC |
| Anti-AIF1 Antibody (Biotin) (A82671) | Human, Rat | ELISA, WB |
Fractalkine is a transmembrane protein and chemokine involved in the adhesion and migration of leukocytes. The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for fractalkine. The encoded protein also is a coreceptor for HIV-1, and some variations in this gene lead to increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and rapid progression to AIDS. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene. Target information from NCBI Gene ID: 1524.
| Product Name | Reactivity | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A47565) | Human | E, WB, IHC |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A47347) | Human, Mouse, Rat | E, WB, IHC, FC |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A42488) | Human, Mouse, Rat | WB |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A28806) | Human, Mouse, Rat | WB |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A82937) | Human | ELISA, WB |
| Anti-CX3CR1 Antibody (A42426) | Human | WB |
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